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Updated: May 5, 2026

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Implementation of a Quantum Authentication Protocol Using Single Photons in Deployed Fiber.

Changho Hong1, Youn-Chang Jeong1, Se-Wan Ji1

  • 1The Affiliated Institute of ETRI, Yuseong-daero 1559, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34044, Republic of Korea.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
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We developed a quantum entity authentication protocol for secure quantum communication networks. This method effectively detects impersonation attacks, ensuring network integrity and paving the way for enhanced security in quantum key distribution systems.

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Cybersecurity
  • Quantum Communication Networks

Background:

  • Securing quantum communication networks requires robust entity authentication.
  • Existing quantum key distribution (QKD) systems need enhanced security measures.
  • BB84-type protocols are foundational for quantum key distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and experimentally validate a quantum entity authentication (QEA) protocol.
  • To ensure seamless integration with BB84-type QKD workflows and current terminal architectures.
  • To provide a practical solution for securing quantum communication networks.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a QEA protocol resistant to intercept-resend man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks.
  • Utilized weak coherent pulses (WCPs) with decoy-state estimation for practical implementation.
Keywords:
quantum authenticationquantum communicationquantum network

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  • Mitigated photon-number-splitting (PNS) attacks by bounding single-photon contributions.
  • Deployed and tested the protocol over a 20 km fiber link with ~8 dB optical loss.

    • Main Results:

    • The protocol detects MitM impersonation with a characteristic 25% correlation error.
    • Rejection probability approaches unity with increasing authentication events.
    • Stable operation achieved with quantum bit error rate (QBER) between 1% and 4%.
    • Sifted key rate remained constant over time during field tests.

    Conclusions:

    • The experimental validation provides a basis for integrating physical-layer entity authentication into quantum networks.
    • The proposed QEA protocol offers a practical and robust solution for enhancing quantum communication security.
    • The protocol's resilience against specific attacks demonstrates its suitability for deployed systems.