French Propolis Caffeic Acid Derivatives Protect Skeletal Muscle from Oxidative Damages

Propolis produced by honeybees, Apis mellifera, has been valued since ancient times as a remedy for different ailments for its broad medicinal properties. This wide range of biological activities may arise from the production of distinct propolis types within the hive, each serving specific functions and containing unique molecular compositions. In this study, we investigated the effects of four propolis types-masonry, sealing, brood-protection, and intruder-neutralizing-on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative injury in human skeletal muscle cells. Among these, only brood-protection propolis significantly prevented the H₂O₂-induced loss of cell viability. Bio-guided fractionation of this active propolis identified five major compounds: benzyl caffeate (BC), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), cinnamyl caffeate (CC), prenyl caffeate (PC), and (E)-3-methyl-3-butenyl caffeate (MBC), all displaying stronger cytoprotective effects than their ferulate equivalents. We finally demonstrated that propolis extract and its active compounds reduced lipid peroxidation in post-mortem minced mouse skeletal muscle and compared their efficacy to other natural compounds. Chemical analysis of resins from neighboring flora suggested that black poplar (Populus nigra) buds are the primary botanical source of these caffeate derivatives. Collectively, these results highlight the functional diversity of hive propolis and its potential applications in food preservation as well as in complementary and preventive medicine.