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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

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SKUF Protocol: Slice, Keep, Unwrap, Fuse-A Pilot Multimodal Approach to Cardiac Innervation Mapping.

Igor Makarov1, Olga Solovyova2, Anna Starshinova1,3

  • 1Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratov Str., St. Petersburg 197341, Russia.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the Slice-Keep-Unwrap-Fuse (SKUF) protocol, a novel method for mapping cardiac innervation using histology and MRI. The SKUF protocol reveals detailed 3D nerve fiber distribution in the heart, aiding neurocardiac research.

Keywords:
histology–MRI integrationimmunohistochemistryintracardiac nervous systemmultimodal imagingmyocardial innervationneuromodulationthree-dimensional modelling

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Cardiac innervation regulates myocardial function and adaptation.
  • Spatial organization of cardiac nerve fibers is not fully understood.
  • Existing methods lack comprehensive 3D mapping capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Slice-Keep-Unwrap-Fuse (SKUF) protocol.
  • To integrate histological data and MRI for myocardial innervation mapping.
  • To create a 3D framework for cardiac neural architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized post-mortem MRI for anatomical reference.
  • Sectioned heart into rings for histological processing.
  • Employed UCHL-1 immunostaining and automated image analysis.
  • Co-registered histological maps with MRI for 3D reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Higher nerve fiber density in the right ventricle compared to the left.
  • Significant longitudinal gradient of innervation from apex to mid-ventricle.
  • Atrioventricular groove showed greatest innervation heterogeneity.
  • Achieved 3D visualization of nerve fiber clusters.

Conclusions:

  • The SKUF protocol offers a robust method for 3D cardiac innervation mapping.
  • Enables creation of high-resolution cardiac innervation atlases.
  • Supports research into neurocardiac mechanisms and neuromodulation.