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Beyond Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness: A Comprehensive Scale for Basic Psychological Needs and Novelty in
Vera Bártolo1,2, Miguel Jacinto1,2, Nuno Amaro1,2
1ESECS, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal.
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
Summary
This study validates the Portuguese Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in exercise settings. Findings support novelty as a key psychological need influencing exercise enjoyment and life satisfaction.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Exercise Science
Background:
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT) posits fundamental psychological needs.
- Novelty is emerging as a potential basic psychological need.
- Validating measurement tools is crucial for research in the exercise context.
Purpose of the Study:
- Translate and validate the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in Portuguese.
- Examine the psychometric properties and temporal stability of the BPNSFS, including a novelty dimension.
- Investigate the nomological validity concerning exercise enjoyment and life satisfaction.
Main Methods:
- Utilized Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on a sample of 500 gym-goers.
- Assessed temporal stability via a four-week test-retest procedure.
- Employed path analysis to explore relationships with well-being indicators.
Main Results:
- ESEM demonstrated a superior fit, supporting eight distinct dimensions.
- The scale exhibited strong internal consistency (CR = 0.78–0.90) and temporal stability (ICC = 0.75–0.83).
- Novelty satisfaction positively correlated with enjoyment and life satisfaction; frustration showed negative associations.
Conclusions:
- The Portuguese BPNSFS is a psychometrically sound instrument for the exercise domain.
- Results support the integration of novelty as a critical psychological need within SDT.
- This validated scale can advance research on psychological needs in physical activity.
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