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Models for Training in Pediatric Otologic Surgery: A Systematic Review.
Elena Carlotto1,2, Serena Cirillo1,2, Stefania Marconi3
1Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
Summary
Simulation models using 3D printing and virtual reality offer accurate and ethical training for pediatric otologic surgery skills. These tools are valuable for early-stage surgical education before patient contact.
Area of Science:
- Otolaryngology
- Medical Simulation
- Pediatric Surgery
Background:
- Pediatric temporal bone surgery presents unique challenges due to anatomical differences and proximity of vital structures.
- Limited availability of traditional training resources necessitates advanced simulation methods.
- Simulation-based training is gaining traction for pediatric otologic surgery education.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and evaluate existing simulation models for pediatric otologic surgery.
- Assess the anatomical accuracy, educational effectiveness, and evidence supporting these models.
- Identify suitable simulation tools for training pediatric otologic surgeons.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines across major databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane).
- Inclusion of studies on 3D printed (3DP) models, virtual reality (VR), cadavers, and animal models for pediatric otologic surgery.
- Focus on studies with educational outcomes and pediatric relevance.
Main Results:
- Thirteen studies met criteria: nine on 3DP models, four on VR; no cadaver or animal studies identified.
- 3DP models demonstrated high anatomical accuracy, validated against CT scans, and offered educational benefits.
- VR systems facilitated anatomical tasks and guided simulations, though most studies were feasibility-focused.
Conclusions:
- 3D printed and VR simulation models provide ethical and accurate methods for pediatric otologic surgical skill acquisition.
- These simulation tools are suitable for foundational training in a multimodal approach before clinical practice.
- Further research may explore broader applications and validation of these advanced training modalities.
