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Related Concept Videos

Mortar Properties01:17

Mortar Properties

685
Mortar properties encompass a range of characteristics crucial for construction and masonry work, including workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Workability refers to mortar's ability to be easily applied and manipulated without sagging or falling off surfaces, which is important for efficient masonry unit placement and alignment. Water retention is essential to prevent the mortar from losing moisture too quickly to...
685
Mortar01:29

Mortar

887
Mortar, a mixture of Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and water, is a crucial binding material in construction. Its primary function is to join masonry units together, filling gaps and ensuring a uniform distribution of weight across the structure. This helps in preventing potential weaknesses. Mortar also serves as a protective barrier against environmental elements such as water and wind, thereby safeguarding the interior of the structure. It also compensates for surface irregularities...
887
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

871
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
871
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

410
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
410
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

619
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
619
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

1.9K
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
1.9K

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Performance of High-Workability Mortars Incorporating Metakaolin as a Partial Cement Replacement.

Natividad Garcia-Troncoso1,2, Mohamad Alnasser3, Chenmeng Zhang3

  • 1Faculty of Engineering in Earth Sciences, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Metakaolin (MK) as a partial cement replacement in mortars improves workability and reduces carbon footprint. Moderate MK levels (10-20%) offer a balance of mechanical performance, durability, and environmental benefits.

Keywords:
carbon footprintdurability-related transport propertieshigh-workability mortarmetakaolinsupplementary cementitious materials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Sustainable Construction

Background:

  • Portland cement (CEM I) production has significant environmental impacts.
  • Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are explored to mitigate these impacts.
  • Metakaolin (MK) is a pozzolanic material with potential as an SCM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of metakaolin (MK) as a partial replacement for CEM I in high-workability mortars.
  • To evaluate fresh-state properties, mechanical performance, microstructure, and carbon footprint.
  • To determine optimal MK replacement levels for performance and sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • Mortars prepared with 0-50% MK replacement of CEM I.
  • Constant water-to-binder ratio and superplasticiser dosage.
  • Assessment of fresh-state behaviour, mechanical properties (compressive/flexural strength), durability indicators (water absorption, capillary uptake), and microstructural analysis (SEM, TGA, XRD).
  • Comparative carbon footprint analysis.

Main Results:

  • Increasing MK content reduced flowability but maintained high workability up to 20% replacement.
  • MK replacement up to 10% retained 90-95% of control strength; higher levels reduced strength.
  • Moderate MK (20-30%) improved durability indicators by refining pore structure.
  • Microstructure showed portlandite consumption and C-A-S-H formation at moderate MK levels; unreacted MK at excessive levels.
  • MK incorporation proportionally reduced embodied CO2 emissions.

Conclusions:

  • Metakaolin (MK) can be effectively used as a supplementary cementitious material in mortars.
  • Replacement levels of 10-20% offer the best balance of mechanical properties, durability, and reduced carbon footprint.
  • MK contributes to the development of low-carbon, high-workability construction materials.