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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
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Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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Unusual Spreading of Strain Neutral Layer in AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet during Bending.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions
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Gradient-Structured AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: Enhanced Room-Temperature Stretch Formability and Associated Deformation

Zihuan Hua1,2, Chao He3, Lintao Liu1

  • 1National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gradient-structured AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets fabricated via turned bearing extrusion exhibit significantly enhanced stretch formability. This improvement stems from the gradient structure

Keywords:
gradient microstructuremagnesium alloy sheetstretch formability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Magnesium alloys, such as AZ31, are attractive for lightweight applications but often suffer from limited formability.
  • Improving the stretch formability of magnesium alloys is crucial for their wider adoption in industries like automotive and aerospace.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate a gradient-structured (GS) AZ31 Mg alloy sheet with enhanced stretch formability using turned bearing extrusion (TBE).
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which the gradient structure improves the formability of AZ31 Mg alloy sheets.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gradient-structured (GS) AZ31 Mg alloy sheets using turned bearing extrusion (TBE).
  • Evaluation of stretch formability using the Erichsen cupping test.
  • Analysis of microstructural features, including grain size and twin formation, during deformation.

Main Results:

  • The GS AZ31 Mg alloy sheet achieved an Erichsen index of 5.51 mm, an 89.3% improvement over conventional extruded (CE) sheets.
  • Positioning the coarse-grained (CG) layer inward activated deformation twins, enhancing strain accommodation in the thickness direction.
  • The fine-grained (FG) outer layer suppressed specific twin types ({101-1} and {101-1}-{101-2}), mitigating local strain concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Turned bearing extrusion is an effective method for producing gradient-structured AZ31 Mg alloy sheets with superior stretch formability.
  • The gradient microstructure, with its coarse-grained inner layer and fine-grained outer layer, plays a critical role in enhancing formability by optimizing strain accommodation and suppressing strain localization.
  • The findings offer a promising approach for developing high-formability magnesium alloys for advanced engineering applications.