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Quantifying Intervention Effects in Single-Case Research: A 25-Year Review.

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Summary

Single-case research design (SCRD) studies in special education are increasing, with more researchers reporting effect sizes (ES). Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data and Tau-U are common ES metrics, with Tau-U use growing.

Keywords:
PNDTau-Ueffect size reportingevidence-based practicesingle-case research designspecial educationsystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Special Education Research
  • Research Methodology
  • Evidence-Based Practices

Background:

  • Effect size (ES) estimates are crucial for interpreting single-case research design (SCRD) findings in special education.
  • Visual analysis alone is insufficient; ES complements these analyses.
  • Trends in SCRD publication and ES reporting require examination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze publication trends of SCRD studies in leading special education journals.
  • To assess the evolution of effect size reporting practices in SCRD.
  • To identify commonly used ES metrics and their trends over time.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of articles published between 2001 and 2025.
  • Screened 1969 articles across three major special education journals.
  • Identified 194 SCRD intervention studies and 124 SCRD systematic reviews/meta-analyses.

Main Results:

  • A consistent increase in SCRD study publications was observed.
  • A significant rise in the reporting of effect sizes was noted.
  • 42.27% of intervention studies and 55.65% of reviews reported ES, with higher rates in recent years.
  • Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data and Tau-U were most common, with declining use of the former and increasing use of the latter.

Conclusions:

  • SCRD research and effect size reporting are growing in special education.
  • Tau-U is becoming a preferred effect size metric over Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data.
  • These trends impact evidence synthesis and methodological standards in the field.