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4-Hydroxynonenal, a Potential Biomarker for Lung Inflammatory Diseases.
Nancy Kaushal1, Alexandria K Vo1, Nathan C Kobus1
1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT 84606, USA.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 4, 2026
Summary
Oxidative stress in lung diseases generates 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a toxic aldehyde. This review explores 4-HNE's role in lung inflammation, its biomarker potential, and therapeutic strategies.
Area of Science:
- Pulmonary Medicine
- Biochemistry
- Toxicology
Background:
- Asthma, COPD, and ARDS are prevalent inflammatory lung conditions.
- Oxidative stress and immune dysregulation drive these diseases.
- Lipid peroxidation produces toxic aldehydes like 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE).
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the pathological role of 4-HNE in lung inflammation.
- To discuss 4-HNE as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring.
- To explore therapeutic strategies targeting 4-HNE in lung diseases.
Main Methods:
- Narrative review of current scientific literature.
- Analysis of studies investigating 4-HNE in lung tissues, BAL fluid, and serum.
- Examination of 4-HNE's molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance.
Main Results:
- Elevated 4-HNE levels are found in patients with inflammatory lung conditions.
- 4-HNE contributes to airway remodeling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation.
- 4-HNE modifies cellular signaling, impacting inflammatory cascades.
Conclusions:
- 4-HNE plays a significant pathological role in lung inflammatory diseases.
- 4-HNE shows promise as a biomarker for early detection and monitoring.
- Targeting 4-HNE may offer novel therapeutic avenues for lung inflammatory complications.
