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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Additive Manufacturing in Organic Chemistry: From Synthesis to Sustainable Process Design.

Adrian Domiński1, Barbara Zawidlak-Węgrzyńska2, Joanna Rydz1

  • 1Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, offers a sustainable approach to synthesizing organic compounds and creating custom laboratory equipment. This technology enables greener chemical processes with reduced waste and enhanced efficiency.

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturinglaboratory devicesorganic synthesispolymer

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Engineering

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing (AM) builds 3D objects from digital designs using layered materials.
  • AM is recognized for its sustainability potential, reducing waste and energy consumption.
  • Its versatility allows for rapid prototyping and complex custom part production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress of AM in organic compound synthesis and organic device fabrication.
  • To highlight AM's role in creating 3D-printed catalysts, reactors, and flow systems.
  • To explore AM's potential for advancing green and sustainable chemical processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on AM applications in organic synthesis.
  • Analysis of AM technologies used for fabricating chemical equipment.
  • Examination of case studies demonstrating AM in organic synthesis.

Main Results:

  • AM enables the synthesis of organic compounds using 3D-printed components.
  • Customized, low-cost organic equipment and reactors can be produced via AM.
  • AM facilitates the integration of multiple technologies for safer, efficient chemical processes.

Conclusions:

  • AM integration in organic synthesis opens new avenues for innovation.
  • AM offers a sustainable and cost-effective approach to chemical process development.
  • The technology supports the creation of tailored equipment for specific chemical applications.