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Extensive Mitogenomic Remodeling Delineates the Family-Level Split in Velvet Worms.

Yaping Mi1,2, Qunfei Guo2, Pei Zhang2,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.

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Summary

Velvet worms exhibit significant mitochondrial genome evolution, including gene rearrangements and variable transfer RNA (tRNA) content, impacting Panarthropoda phylogeny. This study clarifies their evolutionary placement within the clade.

Keywords:
GC skewOnychophoraPanarthropodaPeripatidaePeripatopsidaegene rearrangementmitochondrial genomephylogeny

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Genomics
  • * Phylogenetics

Background:

  • * Velvet worms (Onychophora) are crucial for understanding Panarthropoda evolution, but their phylogenetic position is debated.
  • * Unusual genomic features, like gene rearrangements and transfer RNA (tRNA) loss, have been noted in some species.
  • * The extent and evolutionary impact of these genomic peculiarities across Onychophora are poorly understood due to limited data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the phylogenetic placement of Onychophora within Panarthropoda using mitogenomic data.
  • * To characterize the diversity and evolutionary patterns of mitochondrial genomes in velvet worms.
  • * To explore gene arrangement, transfer RNA (tRNA) content, and selection pressures in Onychophoran mitogenomes.

Main Methods:

  • * Sequencing and assembly of three new velvet worm mitogenomes from both extant families (Peripatidae and Peripatopsidae).
  • * Comparative analysis of these novel mitogenomes with five previously published Onychophoran mitogenomes.
  • * Phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum likelihood based on protein-coding genes (PCGs).

Main Results:

  • * Onychophoran mitogenomes show high A+T content and family-specific GC skew, with significant variation in tRNA counts (13-22) indicating lineage-specific loss.
  • * Deep architectural divergence was observed: Peripatopsidae retains ancestral gene order, while Peripatidae shows a derived, stable arrangement.
  • * Synonymous codon usage is conserved, and PCGs evolve under strong purifying selection, with phylogenetic analysis strongly supporting Onychophora as sister to Arthropoda.

Conclusions:

  • * Robust molecular evidence supports the Antennopoda hypothesis for Panarthropoda phylogeny over Tactopoda.
  • * Significant mitogenomic remodeling occurred between Peripatidae and Peripatopsidae, evidenced by divergent GC skew, tRNA content, and gene arrangements.
  • * This study clarifies the evolutionary relationships and genomic plasticity within Onychophora.