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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: Decoding Regulatory Networks for Liquid Biopsy Applications.

Evelina Charidemou1, Christos Papaneophytou1

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key cancer regulators. Circulating ncRNAs (c-ncRNAs) show promise as liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancer detection and monitoring.

Keywords:
biomarker panelscancer attractor statescancer biomarkerscell-free DNAcirculating ncRNAsmultianalyte liquid biopsynon-coding RNAsregulatory networks

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate gene expression and cellular homeostasis, with their dysregulation being a hallmark of cancer.
  • Diverse ncRNA classes (miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs) are involved in complex regulatory networks influencing tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapy response.
  • ncRNAs participate in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional gene silencing, epigenetic modulation, and competitive endogenous RNA interactions, shaping cancer development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an integrated view linking ncRNA regulatory networks with their application as liquid biopsy biomarkers.
  • To highlight circulating ncRNAs (c-ncRNAs) as comprehensive indicators of tumor conditions.
  • To discuss multi-analyte biomarker strategies combining ncRNAs with cell-free DNA and protein markers.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review synthesizes existing research on ncRNAs in cancer biology and liquid biopsy.
  • Focuses on mechanisms of ncRNA regulation and their release into biofluids.
  • Examines the potential of c-ncRNAs for cancer detection, stratification, and monitoring.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs are released into biofluids and are stable, making them suitable for liquid biopsy.
  • c-ncRNAs demonstrate potential in cancer detection, disease stratification, and treatment monitoring.
  • Multi-analyte strategies integrating ncRNAs with other biomarkers enhance diagnostic capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are crucial regulators in cancer and emerging liquid biopsy biomarkers.
  • c-ncRNAs offer minimally invasive tools for comprehensive cancer assessment.
  • Overcoming technical and clinical challenges is essential for translating ncRNA-based diagnostics into precision oncology.