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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
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External Load, More than Surface Instability, Drives Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Split Squat

Jinyong Sim1,2, Hanbee Jang1,2, Yujin Jeong1,2

  • 1The Integrative Movement Science Laboratory, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.

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Summary

External load significantly enhances jump performance after conditioning activity (CA). Surface instability alone mainly increases hamstring activation, not jump power. Prioritize load for acute jump enhancement.

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BOSUPAPEconditioning activityelectromyographyfunctional movementsplit squatvertical jump

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is influenced by conditioning activity (CA).
  • Generalizability of back squat load-response principles to unilateral split squats with combined load and instability is unclear.
  • Acute effects of stable vs. unstable split squat CA on jump performance and muscle activation require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the acute effects of stable vs. unstable split squat CA, with and without external load, on jump performance.
  • To investigate the impact of these conditioning activities on phase-specific electromyography (EMG) of key lower limb muscles.
  • To determine whether load response principles generalize to unilateral split squats under combined instability and load.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty men performed a randomized crossover study with three conditioning activities (CA): unloaded stable split squat, unloaded BOSU split squat, and loaded BOSU split squat (50% 1RM).
  • Jump performance (single leg jump, countermovement jump) was assessed pre- and post-CA.
  • Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from eight lower limb muscles and analyzed for phase-specific activation.

Main Results:

  • All CA conditions improved jump performance (SLJ and CMJ) compared to pre-test.
  • Loaded BOSU split squats yielded the greatest increase in CMJ performance.
  • Unloaded BOSU split squats selectively increased hamstring activation, while loaded BOSU split squats increased EMG across all measured muscles.

Conclusions:

  • External load is the primary driver of acute countermovement jump potentiation.
  • Surface instability alone primarily redistributes muscle recruitment towards the hamstrings without enhancing jump performance beyond stable conditions.
  • For acute jump enhancement, prioritize external load; for selective posterior chain activation, consider unstable surfaces.