Targeting Psychological Pain After a Suicide Attempt: Scoping Review and Intervention Protocol

Background/Objectives: Psychological pain-also termed psychache or mental pain-has been suggested to constitute a relevant factor in the emergence of suicidal behaviour. Despite conceptual advances, empirical research on interventions specifically designed to alleviate psychological pain in individuals who have attempted suicide remains scarce. The present scoping review maps existing psychological and pharmacological interventions targeting psychological pain, identifies their core components, delineates gaps for future research, and proposes a therapeutic intervention protocol. Methods: Literature was searched through PubMed, PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov (until October 2025) using combinations of the terms suicide, psychache, psychological pain, intervention, treatment, therapy, pharmacological treatment, and psychotherapy. Both randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, and literature reviews were included. Results: Evidence indicates that few interventions explicitly target psychological pain. Most suicide-specific therapies indirectly address components of psychological pain-such as unbearable affect, loss of meaning, and social disconnection. Narrative-based, emotion regulation, and acceptance-based therapies appear promising. Emerging pharmacological approaches may relieve psychological pain; however, further evidence is required. Conclusions: Integrating psychological pain as a therapeutic focus-through narrative, tolerance-building, and relational strategies-may enhance post-attempt interventions. Future trials should systematically measure psychological pain and test its role as a mediator of suicidal outcomes.