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Related Concept Videos

Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

296
Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Multi-Strain Probiotic Intervention Modestly Modulates Microbial Composition and Inflammatory Profile in Individuals

Ana Bačić1, Tijana Gmizić2, Marija Branković2,3

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Probiotic supplements altered gut bacteria in long COVID patients, boosting beneficial microbes linked to immune and metabolic health. This may aid recovery by reducing inflammation and improving liver markers.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Long COVID syndrome presents with persistent symptoms, inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
  • Probiotics modulate microbial communities and immune-metabolic homeostasis, offering potential therapeutic avenues.
  • Understanding microbiota alterations is crucial for developing effective long COVID interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of a multi-strain probiotic on gut microbiota composition and function in long COVID patients.
  • To assess changes in biochemical markers, including inflammatory and hepatic parameters, following probiotic supplementation.
  • To compare the effects of probiotics in long COVID, convalescent, and healthy individuals.

Main Methods:

  • An interventional study involving 34 participants receiving a 12-week probiotic formulation (Saccharomyces boulardii, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains).
  • 40 participants served as non-supplemented controls; healthy individuals were included as reference controls.
  • Fecal microbiota analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing; biochemical markers measured at baseline and post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Probiotic supplementation induced selective gut microbiota compositional changes, favoring bacteria like Adlercreutzia, Coprococcus, and Eubacterium.
  • Functional prediction revealed probiotic-responsive pathways related to energy metabolism and redox balance in long COVID participants.
  • Microbiota shifts were associated with a trend toward reduced inflammatory and hepatic markers, particularly in long COVID individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-strain probiotics can selectively modulate gut microbiota in individuals with long COVID.
  • Probiotic intervention shows potential for supporting recovery in long COVID by influencing microbial composition and associated metabolic/immune functions.
  • The effects of probiotics are dependent on the host's microbiota status, suggesting personalized approaches.