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Related Concept Videos

Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

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Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

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Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
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Cholera01:25

Cholera

149
Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

110
Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

94
Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Related Experiment Video

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A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.
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Salmonella Infections: Global Trends and Emerging Challenges.

Adishi Ranjan1, Mahek Chandna2, Nicole J Stevens1

  • 1College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.

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|May 4, 2026
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Summary

Salmonella causes millions of foodborne illnesses globally. This review covers Salmonella epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention, emphasizing challenges like antimicrobial resistance and the need for One Health approaches and vaccines.

Keywords:
One HealthSalmonella pathogenicity islandsantimicrobial resistancefoodborne diseasehost-pathogen interactionsnontyphoidal Salmonellatype III secretion system

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Salmonella is a major cause of global foodborne illness, with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) causing millions of infections annually.
  • Challenges in disease control include geographic variability in burden, underreporting, and limited diagnostics, particularly for invasive NTS (iNTS) in sub-Saharan Africa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current evidence on Salmonella epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and prevention.
  • To highlight emerging challenges in Salmonella disease control, including antimicrobial resistance and high-risk serotypes.
  • To emphasize the need for integrated One Health approaches and advancements in vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence on Salmonella epidemiology and pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of data on virulence mechanisms, host adaptation, and clinical outcomes.
  • Analysis of challenges in disease control, surveillance, and prevention strategies.

Main Results:

  • Salmonella exhibits significant geographic variability in disease burden, influenced by social determinants of health.
  • Multidrug-resistant Salmonella and emergence of high-risk serotypes pose increasing global challenges.
  • Advances in whole genome sequencing improve outbreak detection, but cross-sector coordination gaps persist.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated One Health approaches, strengthened surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship are crucial for Salmonella control.
  • Vaccination strategies, including licensed and emerging candidates, show promise in reducing the global burden of Salmonella infections.
  • Future efforts must focus on surveillance harmonization, addressing environmental drivers, and advancing vaccine development and implementation.