Nanorobotic Approaches Against Multidrug-Resistant Infections: Design, Principle, Mechanistic Innovation,...

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Microbiology
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens compromise traditional antimicrobial treatments due to resistance mechanisms like efflux pump overexpression and biofilm formation.
• Existing drug delivery systems are limited in effectively combating MDR pathogens.
• Nanorobotics offer a potential solution by integrating engineering, materials science, and microbiology to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize recent advancements (2020-2025) in nanorobotic technologies for controlling infectious diseases caused by MDR pathogens.
• To propose a mechanistic and translational model for nanorobotics against MDR pathogens, focusing on mobility, sensing, and programmability.
• To evaluate the translational readiness, biosafety, scalability, and regulatory aspects of nanorobotic therapeutic technologies.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of studies on nanorobotic therapeutic technologies from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.
• Focus on emerging technologies like magnetic microrobots, catalytic nanoswimmers, and DNA origami nanodevices.
• Analysis of applications in bacterial biofilm disruption and antibiotic drug delivery.

Main Results:

• Magnetically driven microrobots, catalytic nanoswimmers, and DNA origami structures demonstrate potential in actively destroying biofilms, enhancing antibiotic penetration, and enabling site-specific antimicrobial delivery.
• These nanorobotic systems can overcome key resistance mechanisms employed by MDR pathogens.
• Significant progress has been made in nanorobotic design and application for antimicrobial purposes.

Conclusions:

• Nanorobotic technologies hold significant promise for developing novel strategies against multidrug-resistant pathogens and infectious diseases.
• Key challenges for clinical translation include addressing biosafety concerns, immunological reactivity, precise navigation, energy optimization, and establishing regulatory and ethical frameworks.
• Further research and development are crucial to bridge the gap between preclinical findings and clinical application of nanorobotics in infectious disease treatment.