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Ionic Bonds00:42

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Moisture-Controlled Electrolyte Engineering Enables Durable Calcium-Ion Batteries.

Yeon Jwoong Kim1, Tejaswi Tanaji Salunkhe1, Il Tae Kim1

  • 1School of Chemical, Biological, and Battery Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

Micromachines
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing practical calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) requires stable electrolytes. This study optimized electrolyte dehydration, significantly improving CIB performance and cycling stability for future energy storage applications.

Keywords:
acetonitrilecalcium-ion batterieselectrolyte dehydration engineeringmolecular sieve-assisted dryingmultivalent ion electrochemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries due to calcium's abundance and high volumetric capacity.
  • However, electrolyte instability and sensitivity to moisture hinder CIB development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically examine Ca(ClO4)2 and Ca(PF6)2 electrolytes for CIBs.
  • To identify optimal solvents and develop stringent dehydration methods to overcome electrolyte instability.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance of moisture-controlled electrolytes in CIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic examination of Ca(ClO4)2 and Ca(PF6)2 electrolytes.
  • Solvent selection focusing on acetonitrile (ACN) and carbonate-based solvents.
  • Development of advanced dehydration techniques using 3 Å molecular sieve (MS3A) and vacuum drying to achieve parts-per-million (ppm) moisture levels.
  • Electrochemical testing of Prussian blue (PB) half cells and PB-hard carbon full cells.

Main Results:

  • Acetonitrile (ACN) demonstrated superior performance as a solvent for reversible Ca2+ electrochemistry compared to carbonate solvents.
  • Optimized dehydration procedures reduced electrolyte moisture to ppm levels, significantly enhancing electrochemical performance.
  • Prussian blue (PB) half cells achieved reversible capacities up to ~95 mAh g-1.
  • PB-hard carbon full cells with dried Ca(ClO4)2 electrolytes exhibited stable cycling over 240 cycles, with ~99% Coulombic efficiency and ~17% capacity loss.

Conclusions:

  • A moisture-controlled electrolyte is crucial for enabling practical and stable calcium-ion batteries.
  • The developed dehydration method effectively stabilizes electrolytes, paving the way for high-performance CIBs.
  • This research addresses key challenges in CIB technology, promoting their viability as next-generation energy storage solutions.