System-Level Offline Time Synchronization Architecture for Distributed Electrical Signal Monitoring Using Raspberry...

Accurate time synchronization is essential in distributed electrical signal monitoring, where phase coherence and event correlation depend on precise timing agreement between acquisition nodes. Conventional approaches often rely on a single synchronization source, typically internet-based Network Time Protocol (NTP) or GPS-disciplined clocks, which is impractical in isolated, offline, or cost-sensitive scenarios. This paper introduces an autonomous offline synchronization architecture for multi-node monitoring systems built on Raspberry Pi 5 (RPI5) platforms connected to a private Ethernet network. Instead of depending on one timing method, the system integrates several complementary mechanisms: battery-backed RTC persistence via the J5 interface, deterministic orchestration through systemd services, automated boot time recovery, chrony-managed NTP discipline, and Precision Time Protocol (PTP) hardware timestamping using PTP Hardware Clock (PHC). Synchronization performance is validated through continuous multi-day measurements of long-term stability, inter-node phase coherence, and short-term jitter. Controlled power-loss scenarios are also included to verify recovery behavior. The system maintains sub-microsecond alignment between nodes using only commodity hardware and no external time source. To further confirm inter-node timestamp alignment at the signal level, both hardware-based reference signal injection and software-based synchronized signal emulation are employed, providing ground-truth validation alongside scalable and reproducible evaluation. The results show that low-cost embedded hardware can support reliable, long-duration synchronization in fully offline installations.