Camel-Associated Antimicrobial Resistance: An Overlooked One Health Interface

Camel-associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an underrecognized component of the One Health landscape, particularly in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and North Africa. Available evidence demonstrates the presence of clinically significant resistance mechanisms in camel populations, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, carbapenemases, colistin resistance genes, and multidrug-resistant clones. Molecular similarities between camel and human isolates suggest potential cross-species transmission and highlight camels as possible reservoirs within interconnected human-animal-environment systems. Despite documented resistance patterns, camel production systems remain largely excluded from national AMR surveillance and stewardship frameworks. This gap reflects limited camel-specific data on antimicrobial usage and structural challenges related to pastoral mobility, cross-border trade, and emerging commercial intensification. Strengthening diagnostic capacity, implementing tailored antimicrobial stewardship strategies, and integrating camels into national AMR action plans are essential to mitigate potential public health risks. Proactive inclusion of camel systems within regional AMR governance frameworks is necessary to prevent further amplification of resistance.