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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Multimodal brain network disruption and structural-functional decoupling in overt hypothyroidism.

Hong Yu1, Xue-Huan Liu2, Xiao Gao1

  • 1Department of Radiology, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overt hypothyroidism (OH) disrupts brain network structure and function, impairing cognitive and emotional well-being. This study reveals weakened connectivity and topological changes in specific brain networks in OH patients.

Keywords:
diffusion tensor imaginggraph theoryhypothyroidismresting-state functional MRIstructural-functional coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Overt hypothyroidism (OH) is linked to cognitive and emotional issues.
  • The impact of OH on brain structure-function relationships is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate topological disruptions in brain structural and functional networks in OH patients.
  • To examine the coupling between structural and functional connectivity (SC-FC) in OH.
  • To correlate brain network alterations with cognitive and emotional deficits in OH.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) were used.
  • Structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed.
  • Network topological properties and SC-FC coupling were computed and compared between OH patients and healthy controls (HCs).

Main Results:

  • OH patients exhibited reduced small-worldness, clustering coefficient, and global efficiency in structural and functional networks.
  • Key brain regions, including those in the default mode, limbic, and salience networks, showed reduced efficiency and centrality.
  • Significantly weakened SC-FC coupling was observed in the limbic and salience networks in OH patients.

Conclusions:

  • Overt hypothyroidism causes significant topological disruptions in brain networks.
  • Impaired SC-FC coupling in specific networks is a key finding in OH.
  • These neurobiological alterations are associated with cognitive impairment and emotional disturbances in OH.