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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively...
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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

18.3K
Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Advanced Nuclear Energy Pathways for a Net-Zero World: Fuel Cycles, Reactors, and Policy Readiness.

Reda A Haggam1, Ravikumar Jayabal2, Sekar S3

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Advanced nuclear fuels and reactors, including Thorium-based fuels and Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), enhance nuclear energy

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Sustainable Energy Systems
  • Low-Carbon Technologies

Background:

  • Nuclear energy is crucial for decarbonization.
  • Current systems face challenges in sustainability and resource efficiency.
  • Advanced technologies are needed for future nuclear energy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advanced nuclear fuels and reactor technologies.
  • To assess their contribution to sustainability, safety, and efficiency.
  • To understand their role in a low-carbon future.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis focusing on Thorium-based fuels, U-233, minor actinides.
  • Analysis of innovative reactors: Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs).
  • Integration of technical performance, fuel cycle, environmental, and policy aspects.

Main Results:

  • MSRs offer >45% thermal efficiency with online reprocessing.
  • SMRs provide modularity and enhanced safety.
  • FBRs enable closed fuel cycles and isotope transmutation.
  • Lifecycle emissions are low (12-20 gCO2e/kWh).
  • Case studies show technical readiness and regulatory progress.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced fuels and reactors offer a path to sustainable nuclear energy.
  • Regulatory evolution, public engagement, and financial mechanisms are critical.
  • Integration of technology, policy, and public trust is key for decarbonization.