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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

33.0K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

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VARIANT: Web Server for Decoding and Analyzing Viral Mutations at Genome and Protein Levels.

Rui Wang1, Xuhang Dai2, Xin Cao1

  • 1Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Arxiv
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

VARIANT is a new web server for analyzing RNA viral mutations, including complex patterns like row and hot mutations. It aids in understanding viral evolution and drug resistance for various viruses.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Accurate viral mutation analysis is crucial for understanding viral evolution, epidemiology, and drug resistance.
  • Existing tools face challenges in capturing complex mutation patterns and supporting diverse viral genome architectures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop VARIANT, a web server for comprehensive mutational analysis of RNA viral genomes.
  • To address limitations in current software by detecting novel mutation patterns and supporting diverse viral families.

Main Methods:

  • The VARIANT server accepts viral reference genomes, protein sequences, or multiple sequence alignments.
  • It automatically annotates standard mutation types (point mutations, insertions, deletions, frameshifts) in coding and non-coding regions.
  • Novel mutation patterns ('row mutations', 'hot mutations') and potential programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) regions are detected.

Main Results:

  • VARIANT provides full annotation of mutation types, including novel patterns.
  • The server supports analysis of major viral pathogens (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, Influenza) and custom viruses.
  • Dual graph topology analysis classifies RNA secondary structure motifs for comparative studies.

Conclusions:

  • VARIANT offers a comprehensive solution for RNA viral genome mutational analysis, overcoming limitations of existing tools.
  • The server facilitates deeper insights into viral evolution, epidemiology, and drug resistance.
  • Its user-friendly interface and advanced analytical capabilities make it a valuable resource for researchers.