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Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Related Experiment Video

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Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-based Identification of RNA-binding Regions
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Ribosome biogenesis programs define a three-gene RBscore with prognostic relevance in bladder cancer.

Guangyue Luo1,2,3, Weibo Wang1,2,3, Supeng Tai1,2,3

  • 1Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new three-gene ribosome biogenesis score (RBscore) effectively predicts bladder cancer (BLCA) patient survival. This RBscore integrates tumor biology, immune context, and genomic features for improved risk assessment in BLCA.

Keywords:
bladder cancerimmune responsesprognostic genesprognostic modelribosome biogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Bladder cancer (BLCA) exhibits significant clinical heterogeneity, with current staging insufficient for precise individual risk stratification.
  • The role of ribosome biogenesis (RiBi) in BLCA pathogenesis and prognosis remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the prognostic relevance of ribosome biogenesis in bladder cancer.
  • To develop a novel molecular signature for improved bladder cancer risk assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of TCGA-BLCA and GSE13507 transcriptomic data.
  • Development of a three-gene ribosome biogenesis score (RBscore) using machine learning.
  • Evaluation of RBscore for overall survival (OS) stratification, independence from clinicopathological variables, and integration into a nomogram.
  • Assessment of pathway enrichment, immune features, pharmacogenomic associations, and genomic alterations.

Main Results:

  • The RBscore, comprising PIN4, POP4, and PRKDC, significantly stratified OS in both discovery and validation cohorts.
  • High RBscore tumors showed enrichment for antigen processing, presentation, and ribosome-related pathways, with distinct immune microenvironments.
  • PRKDC expression correlated with immune checkpoint genes, and RBscore genes exhibited tumor-associated dysregulation.

Conclusions:

  • The RBscore effectively captures prognostic heterogeneity in BLCA.
  • RBscore links RiBi pathways to tumor immunity and genomic features, offering a basis for integrative risk assessment.
  • This score provides testable hypotheses for further validation and clinical application in bladder cancer management.