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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...
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Diabetes Status Modifies the Association Between Carotid Plaque Burden and Retinal Microvascular Parameters.

Ming Yang1, Xueru Cheng1, Jiaxin Guan1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO.95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.

International Journal of Medical Sciences
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly alters the link between carotid plaque burden (CPB) and ocular microcirculation. Diabetic patients with even mild CPB may require closer eye monitoring due to these vascular changes.

Keywords:
carotid plaque burdendiabetes mellitusretinal microvascular parameters

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Carotid plaque burden (CPB) is a critical marker for atherosclerosis.
  • The impact of CPB on ocular microcirculation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between CPB and ocular vascular parameters.
  • To determine if diabetic status modifies this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 237 eyes from 123 participants (47 with T2DM, 76 without).
  • CPB quantified via computed tomography angiography (CTA).
  • Retinal vascular calibers (CRAE, CRVE, AVR) and ophthalmic artery hemodynamic parameters assessed using fundus photography and Doppler ultrasound.

Main Results:

  • In T2DM patients, plaque thickness correlated with CRAE, AVR, and PCA RI.
  • Plaque presence correlated with AVR and PCA RI in T2DM.
  • No significant associations found in non-diabetic individuals.
  • Diabetic status significantly modified the associations between plaque thickness/presence and CRAE/AVR.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic status critically influences the relationship between CPB and retinal microvasculature.
  • Diabetic patients may need enhanced ocular surveillance even with minor CPB.
  • Further research is needed to clarify underlying mechanisms.