A case of biliary tract infection with Streptococcus cristatus bacteremia

Streptococcus cristatus is an oral commensal organism belonging to the viridans group streptococci. Although generally nonpathogenic, recent reports have highlighted its potential to cause invasive infections. However, gastrointestinal infections due to this organism have not been previously documented. We report the first case of a biliary tract infection with S. cristatus bacteremia, highlighting its clinical relevance.

A 74-year-old Japanese man with hypertension and diabetes mellitus presented with severe epigastric pain and vomiting. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography confirmed choledocholithiasis, revealing common bile duct dilatation with an 8-mm stone near the ampulla of Vater. Blood cultures obtained on admission grew gram-positive cocci in chains, later identified as S. cristatus by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolate was susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. Intravenous cefmetazole was administered for 6 days. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy was performed on hospital days 2 and 5, achieving biliary drainage and stone removal. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged without sequelae on day 10.

This case represents the first documented biliary tract infection associated with S. cristatus bacteremia. Accurate species-level identification is critical, as it helps recognize the pathogenic potential of organisms traditionally considered commensal.