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Updated: May 5, 2026

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Inkjet-Printed Rough Gold Microelectrode Arrays on Flexible Substrates for Neural Recording and Electrical

Amelie Ziller1, Andrea Corna1, Mai Thu Bui1

  • 1Institute of Biomedical Electronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the first inkjet-printed microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for neuronal interfacing. These low-cost, flexible MEAs enable reliable single-unit recording and electrical stimulation, matching conventional device performance.

Keywords:
additive manufacturingelectrical stimulationex vivo retinaextracellular recordingmicroelectrode arraysneuroelectronics

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Area of Science:

  • Neurotechnology
  • Bioelectronics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Conventional microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are crucial for electrogenic tissue research but rely on expensive, complex cleanroom fabrication.
  • Inkjet-printed MEAs offer a low-cost alternative, yet their application for neuronal recording and stimulation remains limited.
  • Neuronal interfacing, combining recording and stimulation, has not been achieved with inkjet-printed MEAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using inkjet-printed microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for both extracellular single-unit neuronal recording and electrical stimulation.
  • To establish inkjet-printing as a viable, low-cost manufacturing method for flexible MEAs suitable for neurotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gold microelectrodes on flexible foils using maskless inkjet-printing.
  • Insulation of electrodes with printed SU-8 (epoxy-based dielectric).
  • Characterization of electrode morphology (SEM, AFM, profilometry) and electrochemical behavior (impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry).
  • Functional assessment using ex vivo retinal tissue for recording and stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Inkjet-printed gold electrodes exhibited a rough, nanoparticle-based morphology, increasing effective surface area and enabling low impedance.
  • The printed MEAs achieved reliable single-unit neuronal recordings with signal-to-noise ratios comparable to commercial devices.
  • Electrical stimulation using biphasic pulses successfully activated retinal cells, demonstrating effective neuronal interfacing.
  • Electrodes were found to be reusable and non-cytotoxic.

Conclusions:

  • Inkjet-printed microelectrode arrays are capable of high-performance neuronal interfacing, including single-unit recording and electrical stimulation.
  • This technology provides a scalable, adaptable, and low-cost alternative to conventional MEA fabrication for neurotechnology applications.
  • The rough gold morphology achieved through inkjet-printing is key to the functional performance of these novel MEAs.