Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Genotoxin-induced PARP1/PARP2 Activation in Cells using a Fluorescent...

Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a polymer of ADP-ribose synthesized by four members of the ADP-ribose polymerase family of enzymes-PARP1, PARP2, PARP5a, and PARP5b. However, only PARP1 and PARP2 synthesize PAR in response to DNA breaks. PAR is defined as a protein post-translational modification, but it is also shown to exist as a DNA or RNA modification. Levels of PAR are further regulated by PARG, a PAR glycohydrolase that, together with PARP1 and PARP2, modulates the cellular level of DNA damage-induced PAR. The dynamic synthesis and degradation of PAR is critical to its regulatory role in DNA repair, and the DNA damage response, which in turn affects chromatin reorganization, replication, transcription, and cell death. PARP1/PARP2 activation and the accumulation of PAR can be considered sites of ongoing base excision repair or DNA single-strand break repair; however, numerous PARP1/PARP2 activators are also associated with replication stress and other DNA metabolic processes. Once formed, PAR chains facilitate the recruitment of DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) factors to sites of DNA damage or genomic insult via their PAR-binding domains (PBDs). Ten different PBDs recognize various regions of the PAR molecule, including the PAR binding motif, PAR binding Zinc finger, the WWE domain, and the macrodomain, among other PBDs. To facilitate cellular analysis of PAR dynamics, we used PBDs fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to optimize cell-based quantitation of PAR foci. We describe an assay that uses a fragment of RNF146 encoding the PBD/WWE domain, linked to EGFP, to visualize and quantify PAR accumulation at sites of genomic insult and ongoing BER or SSBR. We describe experimental steps, including the production of lentiviral particles, transduction of the target cell line, treatment of mammalian cells to induce genomic DNA damage, acquisition of confocal fluorescence micrographs, and semi-automated quantification of the data.