Performance of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Automated System for Identifying Primary and Permanent Teeth in Mixed...

This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of the Brazilian-developed artificial intelligence system DIO Inteligência® for automatic detection and classification of primary and permanent teeth in panoramic radiographs of patients in mixed dentition, using expert radiologist consensus as the reference standard. In this retrospective diagnostic accuracy study, 110 digital panoramic radiographs from patients aged 6-12 years were analyzed. The AI system automatically identified and classified individual teeth according to FDI notation. A total of 4622 teeth with definitive reference classification were included. The system's output was compared with a gold standard established by consensus of two experienced dentomaxillofacial radiologists. Diagnostic performance metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), were calculated. Overall, the AI system demonstrated high diagnostic performance, achieving an accuracy of 91%, sensitivity of 92%, and specificity of 72%. The PPV was 99%, whereas the NPV was 29%. Performance remained consistently high across most permanent tooth groups, with accuracy values around 96% and PPVs close to 100%. Third molars showed slightly lower metrics compared with other permanent groups. Primary teeth also demonstrated favorable classification performance, with high sensitivity and PPV. These findings may suggest that the DIO Inteligência® system shows robust performance in detecting and classifying primary and permanent teeth in mixed dentition panoramic radiographs, supporting its potential role as a reliable adjunct tool in pediatric dental imaging interpretation.