Significance and challenges in dissecting cancer-bacteriome interactions

Cancer is the leading cause of death around the world. While some types of cancer have become manageable due to advancements in medicine, most cancers still lack available cures and treatments. Recent studies have shown that changes in the human microbiome, especially in the bacteriome, are associated with some cancers. Certain bacterial strains have been reported to promote the initiation and progression of cancer in humans. Other studies have used sequencing to observe changes in the bacteriome of healthy and cancer patients. However, studies that investigate the interactions between cancer cells and the complex bacteriome as a whole remain scarce. This is due to the absence of experimental methods to study the interactions between cancer cells and complex bacterial populations, which has delayed the progress in identifying cancer-causing and cancer-inhibiting bacteria, and in understanding the bacterial interactions and their influence on host cells. Here, we review approaches to studying cancer cell interactions with complex bacteriomes and suggest possible routes to overcome this problem, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary studies that may help advance this field. We speculate that a good understanding of cancer-bacteriome interactions may open the door to new lines of holistic bacteriotherapy for cancer that is otherwise unavailable.