Photo-responsive films in food packaging: mechanisms, preparation, applications, and machine learning optimization

With escalating demands for food quality and safety, traditional packaging technologies grapple with challenges in meeting the dual requirements of efficient preservation and real-time monitoring. Due to advantages such as controllable excitation, non-contact stimulation and multifunctional integration, photo-responsive food packaging has emerged as a promising strategy. However, while current literature extensively covers photo-responsive mechanisms and preservation applications, a systematic integration of these technologies with artificial intelligence (AI) remains insufficiently explored. This review comprehensively summarizes the primary photo-responsive mechanisms, including isomerization, photoluminescence, photochromism, photo-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and photothermal conversion. Furthermore, the performance of various film fabrication techniques is comparatively evaluated. Beyond reviewing applications in antibacterial activity, ethylene degradation and real-time quality indication, this article specifically underscores the potential of AI in overcoming the limitations of traditional trial-and-error approaches, assisting in the molecular design of photosensitizers, and optimizing intelligent packaging systems. The combination of photo-responsive packaging and AI provides the food industry with a comprehensive optimization framework, from molecular design to performance prediction, and offers important insights for the development of intelligent, precise, and sustainable food packaging.