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Published on: September 20, 2019
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Enteral formulations: Nutritional contribution, bioavailability, and implications for human health
Iohanna M N Ribeiro Menezes1, Patricia de A Nascimento1, Camila Confortin2
1Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil.
Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.)
|May 5, 2026
Summary
This study analyzed essential elements in various enteral formulas, finding that nutrient delivery depends on the formula type and matrix. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability varied significantly, with pediatric formulas showing higher iron and manganese absorption.
Area of Science:
- Nutritional Science
- Analytical Chemistry
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Enteral formulas are crucial for patients unable to consume food orally, preventing malnutrition.
- Assessing the nutritional value requires understanding not just elemental content but also how elements are released and absorbed.
- Variability in formula composition necessitates detailed analysis of nutrient delivery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the inorganic element profile, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability in diverse enteral formulas.
- To compare nutrient delivery across renal, diabetic, healing, pediatric, high-calorie, and standard formulations.
- To determine the impact of formula matrix on element delivery and absorption.
Main Methods:
- Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) for elemental analysis.
- Standardized INFOGEST 2.0 in vitro digestion protocol to assess element bioaccessibility.
- Caco-2 cell model to evaluate element bioavailability and cellular transport.
Main Results:
- High bioaccessibility for Cu, P, and Al; intermediate for Ca, Fe, Mn; low for Cr, K, Zn.
- Variable bioavailability: Fe and Mn showed limited transport, while Cu, P, and Zn had higher absorption ranges.
- Pediatric formulas had the highest Fe and Mn bioavailability; diabetic formulas had the lowest. Toxic elements (As, Cd, Pb) were undetectable.
- Element delivery is matrix-dependent and cannot be predicted solely by total content.
Conclusions:
- Combined bioaccessibility and bioavailability assessments provide a comprehensive understanding of nutrient contribution from enteral formulas.
- Results support evidence-based strategies for optimizing enteral formula composition.
- The study highlights the importance of considering the entire nutritional delivery pathway, from digestion to cellular uptake.
Keywords:
BioaccessibilityBioavailabilityCaco-2 cellsFood safetyInorganic elementsNutritional therapiesMore Related Videos
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