Occurrence and distribution of sarcoptic mange in wild Neotropical canids

Sarcoptic mange, a contagious skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, is among the most widespread parasitic infections in mammals. Despite its global importance, its effects on wild Neotropical canids have received limited scientific attention. We aimed to compile and analyse all available records of sarcoptic mange in Neotropical canids to assess its geographical distribution, host range and potential conservation implications. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of published and unpublished reports describing cases of sarcoptic mange in wild Neotropical canids across their distribution range. Our synthesis revealed that sarcoptic mange affects more than two-thirds of Neotropical canid species and occurs in at least six countries. Most records originated from areas dominated by dry and open forest formations, suggesting potential environmental associations with disease occurrence. These findings indicate that sarcoptic mange represents a neglected but widespread health issue in Neotropical carnivores. The disease's broad distribution and cross-species occurrence raise concerns about population-level impacts and the potential for interspecific transmission. We propose recognizing sarcoptic mange as an emerging threat to Neotropical canid conservation. To mitigate its effects, we recommend implementing systematic monitoring programmes, including screening of apparently healthy individuals and genetic characterization of mites to trace transmission pathways. Understanding this host-parasite interface is crucial for predicting and managing the broader ecological and epidemiological consequences of mange in the region.