A Systematic Review of Research on Communication in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has garnered significant attention globally for its holistic approach to healthcare and potential benefits for various health conditions. While much research has focused on its clinical efficacy, there is growing recognition for the importance of examining communication within TCM practice to ensure delivery of patient-centered care in cross-cultural healthcare settings. This systematic review aims to fill this gap by summarizing existing research on communication in TCM. Four databases, namely Medline, Web of Science (WoS), Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA), and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were systematically searched using key terms related to "TCM" and "communication." Articles were then screened based on predetermined criteria. Studies in English and Chinese were included if they focus on communication within TCM published in peer-reviewed journal articles. Quality of included studies was assessed through the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Due to the heterogeneity of included studies, narrative synthesis was employed to synthesize 25 included articles with 6 key themes emerged, namely (a)symmetry in TCM communication, communication strategies in TCM, relationship building, small talk and self-care, comparison and integration of TCM and Western Medicine (WM), and sociocultural factors. TCM communication emphasizes holism in the building of therapeutic relationships. Theoretically, this review deepens understanding of TCM communication and its key influences. Practically, the findings inform professional training programs that equip TCM practitioners with effective communication skills tailored to patient-centered, individualized and culturally competent care. Future research can explore TCM communication nuances at a more fine-grained level.