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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Inducement and Evaluation of a Murine Model of Experimental Myopia
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Management of myopia: a mini-review.

Andrzej Grzybowski1,2, Carla Lanca3,4

  • 1Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.

Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation Ophthalmology Journal
|May 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Increased outdoor time is a key strategy for preventing myopia in children. Effective optical and pharmacological treatments can slow myopia progression, with combination therapies showing promise for faster progressors.

Keywords:
axial lengthchildrenclinical progressiondisease managementmyopiaocular refraction

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Optometry
  • Myopia Control Research

Background:

  • Myopia is a growing global health concern, particularly in East Asia.
  • Axial elongation drives myopia, increasing risks for serious eye conditions.
  • Managing myopia in children is complex due to diverse treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on delaying myopia onset in children.
  • To synthesize data on strategies for slowing myopia progression.
  • To provide guidance for pediatric myopia management.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a narrative review of English-language studies (2015-2025) and seminal prior trials.
  • Included randomized trials, comparative studies, systematic reviews, and guidelines.
  • Focused on participants under 18 years, analyzing refractive error and axial length (AL).

Main Results:

  • Increased outdoor time consistently reduces myopia incidence and progression.
  • Optical interventions (DIMS, dual-focus contacts) are effective vs. single-vision correction.
  • Low-dose atropine and orthokeratology show efficacy, with combination therapies potentially enhancing outcomes.
  • Red-light therapy shows promise but requires further research on safety and efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • A risk-stratified approach combining outdoor time with optical/pharmacological therapy is recommended.
  • Future research needs head-to-head trials, longer follow-up, diverse populations, and standardized safety standards.
  • Evidence supports integrating lifestyle modifications with advanced treatments for comprehensive myopia management.