Environmental Factors Shape Terpenoid Accumulation and Predicted Bioactivity in Houttuynia cordata

Houttuynia cordata is a traditional medicinal plant with various bioactivities mainly caused by its terpenoids. However, the effects of geography, environment, biosynthesis, and multiple pharmacological targets of these compounds are still not well understood. We used UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS metabolomics to analyze terpenoids in accession 7# grown across six regions in China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Sichuan) and identified key environmental factors linked through random forest analysis. Network pharmacology identified potential targets and pathways for differentially accumulated terpenoids, further validated by molecular docking. Transcriptome sequencing identified terpenoid biosynthetic genes. A total of 502 terpenoid metabolites were detected, and chemotypic diversity was strongly shaped by geographical origin. Altitude (bio21) and annual precipitation (bio12) emerged as the primary environmental factors associated with 58 and 18 differential metabolites, respectively. Network analysis of 39 terpenoids revealed 239 potential targets, with 23 core targets (e.g., ESR1, STAT3, BCL2, AR) enriched in cancer, endocrine resistance, and hormone-related pathways. Docking confirmed stable interactions between key terpenoids (byzantionoside B, ursonic Acid) and core targets (ESR1, AR, BCL2) with binding energies < -7.5 kcal mol^-1. Transcriptomic analysis uncovered 103 differentially expressed genes in the MVA and MEP pathways, with several (e.g., AACT, FPPS, HMGR, DXS) showing strong correlations with core terpenoid accumulation. This multi-omics study provides insights into substantial geospatial variation in H. cordata terpenoids, identifies altitude and precipitation as major environmental factors associated with terpenoid accumulation, and offers a predictive framework for the biosynthetic network and multi-target pharmacological potential, especially anticancer. It offers a theoretical basis for quality control and optimized cultivation.