Ambient-Air Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenges and Strategies

At present, the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has exceeded 27%, attracting increasing attention from both academia and industry. However, fabricating high-efficiency devices typically requires inert atmospheres, which inevitably increase manufacturing costs and hinder large-scale commercialization of perovskite solar cells. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the fabrication of perovskite solar cells under ambient air conditions. The effects of ambient environmental factors on perovskite precursor solutions and perovskite films are discussed in detail. Special attention is devoted to systematically analyzing different strategies, including buried-interface, bulk, and top-surface treatments for perovskite films, and their impact on the performance of perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient air. Finally, the current challenges associated with ambient-air fabrication are summarized, along with a feasibility analysis and a perspective on future development.