The Changing Landscape of Breast Cancer Treatment

Background: Breast cancer management has undergone an important evolution, from aggressive, invasive surgical interventions towards personalized, multidisciplinary strategies guided by tumor biology and patient oriented outcomes. Recent advances: Randomized trials have enabled the possibility of less invasive surgery in some cases, while advances in systemic therapy including targeted agents, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) such as Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-Dxd), endocrine therapy and immunotherapy in selected cases have improved survival and quality of life. Emerging technologies such as oral selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonists (SERCAs), proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTACs) and complete estrogen receptor antagonists (CERANs) are expanding therapeutic options. Conclusions: Modern breast cancer management is defined by precision medicine, multidisciplinary integration and less invasive surgical interventions in selected cases. Ongoing challenges include therapeutic resistance, toxicity, cost, and equitable access to innovation.