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Orthogonal subspace approach for underwater acoustic wave-vector direction estimation based on acousto-optic sensing.

Xianyang Li1, Boyuan Wang2, Ruitao Zhang1

  • 1School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|May 5, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces a novel acousto-optic vector sensor for precise underwater wave-vector direction estimation. The new method, MUSIC-L, achieves high accuracy at mid-to-high frequencies, overcoming limitations of traditional techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Optics
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • High-precision wave-vector direction estimation is crucial for underwater applications like positioning and tracking.
  • Traditional methods using acoustic arrays require large apertures, and single sensors struggle at mid-to-high frequencies due to phase consistency issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel acoustic vector sensing method using the acousto-optic effect for improved wave-vector direction estimation.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing methods, particularly at mid-to-high frequencies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the acousto-optic effect for non-contact, multidimensional acoustic vector sensing.
  • Developed an orthogonal-subspace wave-vector direction estimation algorithm (MUSIC-L) based on the MUSIC method and acousto-optic sensing.
  • Validated the MUSIC-L algorithm through simulations and experimental measurements using a prototype acousto-optic vector hydrophone.

Main Results:

  • Simulations demonstrated robustness and angle independence, achieving a root mean square error of 1.4° at 10 dB SNR with 80 snapshots.
  • Experimental results with the prototype hydrophone showed estimation errors below 1° with a standard deviation of approximately 0.23°.

Conclusions:

  • The acousto-optic sensing approach offers a viable solution for high-precision wave-vector direction estimation in underwater acoustics.
  • The MUSIC-L algorithm effectively leverages acousto-optic sensing for accurate and robust direction finding at mid-to-high frequencies.