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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hypothalamic-pituitary function in diverse hyperprolactinemic states.

R M Boyar, S Kapen, J W Finkelstein

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |June 1, 1974
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Patients with hyperprolactinemia often lose the normal sleep-related prolactin increase and show other pituitary hormone disruptions. Lesion size in pituitary or hypothalamic tumors appears critical for these hormonal abnormalities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Neuroendocrinology
    • Reproductive Medicine

    Background:

    • Normal adults exhibit episodic prolactin secretion, with increased magnitude during sleep.
    • Hyperprolactinemia, elevated prolactin levels, can arise from diverse etiologies, including tumors and functional disorders.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate 24-hour mean prolactin concentrations, secretory patterns, and associated pituitary hormone function in patients with hyperprolactinemia.
    • To explore the relationship between etiology, lesion size, and hormonal dysregulation in hyperprolactinemia.

    Main Methods:

    • Collected 24-hour plasma samples at 20-minute intervals from nine patients (seven women, two men) with hyperprolactinemia.
    • Analyzed prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone secretory patterns.
    • Administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to assess TSH release in a subset of patients.

    Main Results:

    • All patients exhibited persistent episodic prolactin secretion; seven of nine lost the normal sleep-wake prolactin difference.
    • Patients with pituitary or hypothalamic tumors showed significant abnormalities in LH, growth hormone, and TSH secretion.
    • Hormonal dysregulation, particularly in LH, growth hormone, and cortisol, was strongly correlated with the presence and size of hypothalamic or pituitary lesions.

    Conclusions:

    • Hyperprolactinemia frequently disrupts normal prolactin sleep-associated secretion and other hypothalamic-pituitary axes.
    • The extent of hormonal abnormalities in hyperprolactinemia is largely determined by the size of hypothalamic or pituitary tumors.