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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
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Two Promising Ionic Energetic Cocrystals Based on ADN and AP.

Yunshu Zhao1, Yibo Zhou1, Xiaoyan Zhang1

  • 1School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.

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Ionic energetic cocrystals were synthesized using ammonium dinitramide (ADN) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) with 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (4-ATA). These cocrystals demonstrate improved thermal stability, reduced sensitivity, and enhanced detonation performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Energetic materials science
  • Crystallography
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) are key oxidizers but have limitations like hygroscopicity, low thermal stability, and insufficient energy density.
  • These drawbacks hinder their application in advanced energetic formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the properties of ADN and AP by preparing novel ionic energetic cocrystals.
  • To investigate the effects of incorporating 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (4-ATA) as a coformer.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of two ionic energetic cocrystals: ADN/4-ATA (cocrystal 1) and AP/4-ATA (cocrystal 2).
  • Characterization of thermal stability (Td) and impact sensitivity (H50) for cocrystal 1.
  • Evaluation of detonation performance (VD, P) for cocrystal 2.

Main Results:

  • Cocrystal 1 (ADN/4-ATA) exhibited enhanced thermal stability (Td > 200 °C) and reduced impact sensitivity (H50 = 51.5 cm).
  • Cocrystal 2 (AP/4-ATA) demonstrated a significant increase in detonation velocity (12.6%) and detonation pressure (23.7%).

Conclusions:

  • The preparation of ionic cocrystals is an effective strategy to overcome the limitations of traditional oxidizers like ADN and AP.
  • This approach leads to energetic materials with superior comprehensive properties, including improved safety and performance.