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Prevalence of Co-occurring Mental, Neurodevelopmental and Neurological Conditions in Medicaid Beneficiaries With

Carolyn DiGuiseppi1, Caleb Ing2,3, Ashley Blanchard4

  • 1Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. Carolyn.DiGuiseppi@cuanschutz.edu.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
|May 5, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Individuals with autism have higher rates of mental, neurodevelopmental, and neurological conditions across their lifespan. These co-occurring conditions, including ADHD and intellectual disabilities, show significant demographic variations, highlighting the need for targeted screening and support.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often co-occurs with other conditions, impacting individuals throughout their lives.
  • Updated epidemiological data on co-occurring mental, neurodevelopmental, and neurological (MNN) conditions in adults with autism are crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of MNN conditions in individuals with and without autism.
  • To analyze demographic variations in MNN condition prevalence among those with autism.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Medicaid claims data from beneficiaries aged 1 year and older enrolled in 2020.
  • Identified autism and MNN diagnoses using ICD-10 codes.
  • Calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) comparing individuals with and without autism using log-binomial models.

Main Results:

  • Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder/conduct disorder (ADHD/CD), intellectual disabilities (ID), and anxiety disorders were most common in individuals with autism.
  • Prevalence of most MNN conditions increased with age and was higher in females.
  • Individuals with autism exhibited significantly higher prevalence of most MNN conditions compared to those without autism, with notable variations across racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusions:

  • MNN conditions are more prevalent in individuals with autism across the lifespan, irrespective of sex or race/ethnicity.
  • Demographic disparities may indicate historical underdiagnosis and unequal access to mental health services.
  • Screening for ADHD and mental health disorders in autistic individuals is recommended to improve health outcomes.
Abstract

Keywords:
AdolescentsAdultsAutismCo-occurring conditionsDemographic disparities

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