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Related Concept Videos

Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods01:28

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods

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The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...
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Recapitulating Suckling-to-Weaning Transition In Vitro using Fetal Intestinal Organoids
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Transition from Breast Milk: When and How?

Makena Mwaniki1, Helen M Nabwera2,3,4

  • 1Institute of Tropical Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya.

Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exclusive breastfeeding for six months offers key benefits, but introducing complementary foods requires attention to developmental cues and diverse, nutrient-rich options. Healthcare professionals play a vital role in guiding these crucial infant feeding transitions.

Keywords:
Breast milkBreastfeeding practicesComplementary feedingGut microbiomeHealth systemHealthcare providersHigh-income countriesLow- and middle-income countries

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Breastfeeding is fundamental for infant nutrition and long-term health.
  • Global guidelines exist for transitioning to complementary feeding, yet practical implementation faces challenges.
  • Optimal infant feeding practices are influenced by biological, clinical, and geographical factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological and clinical basis of breastfeeding.
  • To address optimal timing and methods for introducing complementary foods.
  • To identify barriers to effective infant feeding and the role of healthcare providers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices.
  • Analysis of biological and clinical foundations of infant nutrition.
  • Examination of global variations and challenges in feeding transitions.

Main Results:

  • Exclusive breastfeeding for approximately six months is supported by evidence.
  • Developmental cues, not just age, indicate readiness for complementary foods.
  • Complementary feeding requires nutrient-dense foods, texture progression, and allergen exposure for tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Human breast milk is crucial for child health, growth, and neurodevelopment.
  • Global variations in infant feeding reflect socioeconomic, cultural, and structural barriers.
  • Person-centered care and interdisciplinary support are essential for optimal, context-specific infant feeding guidance.