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Outdoor Secondhand Smoke Exposure Around a Public Smoking Area: Formative Field Study Using Passive Wi-Fi Packet

Ryo Horiike1, Kazuya Taira2,3, Izumi Kondo1

  • 1Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 88 Shijomachi, Kashihara, Nara, 634-0813, Japan, 81 744223051 ext 693313.

JMIR Formative Research
|May 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Passive Wi-Fi sensing can estimate people near outdoor smoking areas. This method helps understand secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure opportunities for public health strategies.

Keywords:
Wi-Fioutdoor smokingpublic healthsecondhand smoketobacco

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health Technology
  • Tobacco Control Research

Background:

  • Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a significant public health concern.
  • Quantifying population presence near outdoor smoking areas is crucial for exposure assessment.
  • Existing methods for estimating exposure opportunity are limited in feasibility and scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility of using passive Wi-Fi packet sensing to estimate smoker and passerby numbers.
  • To calibrate Wi-Fi sensing with on-site observations for accurate exposure opportunity assessment.
  • To explore a minimally intrusive method for SHS exposure research in public outdoor settings.

Main Methods:

  • A formative field study was conducted at a designated outdoor smoking area in Osaka, Japan.
  • Passive Wi-Fi sensors collected anonymized device data (timestamps, identifiers, RSSI).
  • Data were classified using RSSI thresholds and calibrated with direct observation counts.

Main Results:

  • An estimated 262 smokers and 3907 passersby were present during business hours.
  • Peak smoker activity occurred around noon and 4 PM; passerby volume peaked midday.
  • A random forest model achieved high accuracy (0.95) in classifying presence episodes.

Conclusions:

  • Passive Wi-Fi sensing offers a feasible and scalable method for estimating population exposure opportunity near outdoor smoking areas.
  • The findings suggest exposure-count metrics can complement existing SHS research methods.
  • Further validation and multi-site studies are recommended to refine the method for public health decision-making.