Unlocking new frontiers in vector control strategies using Aedes aegypti microbiota

Controlling Aedes aegypti, the key vector involved in the transmission of numerous arboviruses, is a major concern, particularly in Africa, where transmission is increasing overall punctuated by annual fluctuations. Traditionally focused on reducing their populations or eliminating their suitable habitats, innovative strategies such as those exploiting microbiota to reinforce existing tools are needed. The microbiota of Ae. aegypti, which is composed of diverse symbiotic microorganisms, is involved in their physiology, reproduction, and ability to transmit pathogens, indicating considerable potential for vector control.

Here, we seek to review the current knowledge on the microbiota of Ae. aegypti and its relevance in vector control, with a particular focus on African populations of Ae. aegypti.

First, we provide an overview of two major Aedes vectors and Aedes-borne virus distribution in Africa, their microbiota structure, and some factors likely to influence it, showing that ambient environment is one of the determining factors. Second, we have outlined studies that have explored microbial components involved in the enhancement and attenuation of the vectorial competence of Ae. aegypti worldwide, followed by an overview on African Aedes mosquito populations. We then examined the impact of global changes on the vector‒microbiota complex, and by extension, on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in Africa. Finally, we analyzed the added value of strategies exploiting the mosquito microbiota and the obstacles limiting their large-scale implementation.

Overall, this review highlights the promising use of microbiota for the control of Ae. aegypti while identifying future research directions for its large-scale deployment in Africa.