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Oral and Gut Microbiota in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Case-Control Study.

Airi Iida^1,2, Yuki Toyota¹, Tatsuki Itagaki^2,3

¹Dentistry for Children and Disabled Persons, Department of Oral Functional Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry

|May 6, 2026

Summary

This study found differences in oral and gut bacteria in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specific bacteria like Neisseria in saliva and Faecalibacterium in stool may indicate ASD, suggesting potential for early screening.

Keywords:

ASD autism spectrum disorder gut microbiota microbiome oral microbiota

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Neuroscience
Genetics

Background:

Emerging research links gut microbiota to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) development and severity.
Oral bacteria may influence ASD's biological and symptomatic aspects via gut microbiota interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize oral and gut microbiota compositional changes in individuals with ASD.
To identify potential microbial biomarkers in saliva and feces for ASD.

Main Methods:

Collected salivary and fecal samples from 10 individuals with ASD and 10 controls.
Utilized 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) marker-gene sequencing to analyze oral and gut microbiota composition.

Main Results:

Identified distinct oral and gut microbiota profiles differentiating ASD individuals from controls.
Observed higher relative abundance of Neisseria in the oral microbiota of the ASD group.
Found enrichment of Faecalibacterium in the gut microbiota of the ASD group.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest the relevance of the oral-gut-brain axis in ASD.
Oral and gut microbial signatures may serve as potential indicators for early ASD screening.
Non-invasive sampling methods like saliva and feces show promise for ASD detection.