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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

905
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
905

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Updated: May 7, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Age-Related Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Predict Specific Patterns of Speech Disfluency.

Megan S Nakamura1, Haoyun Zhang2, Michele T Diaz1

  • 1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

Neurobiology of Language (Cambridge, Mass.)
|May 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

As people age, speech disfluencies like pauses and repetitions increase. This study finds that brain network organization, particularly the default mode network, is more linked to these age-related speech changes than executive function.

Keywords:
agingdisfluencyfunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC)speech production

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Aging
  • Speech Production

Background:

  • Fluent speech is generally maintained in adulthood, but subtle disfluencies increase with age.
  • These changes may stem from cognitive and neural alterations, including executive function (EF) and brain network organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if executive function (EF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) explain age-related speech disfluencies.
  • To examine the independent and joint contributions of EF and RSFC to naturalistic speech disfluencies across the adult lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed speech disfluencies, EF, and RSFC in 252 adults (ages 20-81).
  • RSFC analyzed network segregation in language, default mode (DMN), and multiple demand (MD) networks.
  • Examined age-related differences and relationships between cognitive/neural measures and disfluencies.

Main Results:

  • Older age correlated with more disfluencies (pauses, repetitions, revisions), lower EF, and reduced network segregation (language, DMN, MD).
  • EF did not predict or mediate age-related disfluencies.
  • Higher DMN segregation predicted fewer disfluencies, with age moderating this link for repetitions.

Conclusions:

  • While EF may relate to planning, altered brain functional organization, specifically DMN segregation, more directly impacts age-related speech disfluencies.
  • DMN segregation partially mediated the age-related increase in revisions, suggesting a role in self-monitoring.
  • Brain network changes are key to understanding age-related speech disruptions.