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Demographic and Structural Variability Modulate Growth Dynamics in European Beech Primary Forests.

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European beech forests face declining productivity due to climate change. Demographic variability in tree growth is crucial for adaptation, but overall losses outweigh gains under warming.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Forest Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • Intensifying droughts and heatwaves increasingly stress European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at its range margins.
  • Existing growth models often overlook intraspecific demographic variability, potentially underestimating forest adaptive capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess how demographic variability in growth dynamics influences European beech forest productivity across a wide environmental gradient.
  • To explore differences in radial growth patterns and climate sensitivity among trees of varying ages and sizes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 530 plots and ~11,000 European beech trees across central and southeastern Europe.
  • Analyzed temporal and spatial variations in radial growth, linking them to prior and current climatic conditions (temperature, water balance).
  • Investigated demographic differences in growth sensitivity to heat stress and moisture availability, and long-term growth trends.

Main Results:

  • Radial growth was constrained by prior summer heat and water balance in xeric regions, and current spring/summer conditions in mesic regions.
  • Larger trees showed higher sensitivity to prior heat stress; smaller trees were more sensitive to current moisture.
  • Severe droughts induced multi-year growth reductions, particularly in xeric areas. Heterogeneous growth trends observed, with some age/size classes declining and others showing gains.
  • Overall productivity losses exceeded gains under climate warming, despite the buffering effects of structural complexity and demographic variability diminishing under severe stress.

Conclusions:

  • Demographic and structural heterogeneity are critical for shaping European beech growth dynamics under climate change.
  • Future ecosystem productivity projections must explicitly incorporate demographic variability to accurately reflect adaptive potential.
  • Findings caution against overestimating forest resilience without accounting for diverse tree responses to climate stress.