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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
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Incremental Impact of Standard Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Long-Term Outcomes After Acute Myocardial

Shogo Okita1, Yuichi Saito1, Hiroaki Yaginuma1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.

JACC. Asia
|May 6, 2026
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Summary

The number of standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs) did not impact long-term outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, hypertension independently increased the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) post-discharge.

Keywords:
acute myocardial infarctiondiabetesdyslipidemiahypertensionsmoking

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Clinical Outcomes

Background:

  • Standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs) are linked to worse in-hospital outcomes in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  • The association between the number of SMuRFs and long-term outcomes post-AMI requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the prognostic impact of the number of SMuRFs on post-discharge outcomes in AMI patients.
  • To assess the relative prognostic importance of individual SMuRFs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 2,059 AMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
  • Patients categorized by the number of SMuRFs (0-4).
  • Primary endpoint: major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including cardiovascular death, heart failure rehospitalization, recurrent AMI, and ischemic stroke.

Main Results:

  • Overall MACE risk did not differ significantly based on the number of SMuRFs.
  • An increasing number of SMuRFs was associated with a higher risk of recurrent AMI.
  • Hypertension was independently associated with an increased risk of MACE (adjusted HR: 1.629).

Conclusions:

  • The total number of SMuRFs did not significantly affect long-term cardiovascular risk after AMI discharge.
  • Hypertension emerged as a significant independent predictor of MACE in AMI survivors.