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Exploring the link between fatty acids, FADS2 expression, and ADHD using structural equation modeling.

Sümeyye Koç1,2, Songül Derin3, Hacer Efnan Melek Arsoy4

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye. sumeyyeakin16@gmail.com.

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
|May 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit distinct dietary and plasma fatty acid profiles, including an imbalanced omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. ADHD symptom severity correlates with specific fatty acid patterns and FADS2 expression.

Keywords:
ADHDFads2Fatty acidsGeneNervonic acidOmega-6

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pediatric Psychiatry

Background:

  • The biological underpinnings of the association between fatty acids and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) require further elucidation.
  • Fatty acid metabolism and desaturase enzyme activity are implicated in neurodevelopmental processes.
  • Understanding these relationships is crucial for potential therapeutic interventions in ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in dietary and plasma fatty acid profiles between children with ADHD and controls.
  • To examine the role of fatty acid desaturase-2 (FADS2) in children with ADHD.
  • To assess the association between ADHD symptom severity and specific fatty acid profiles using advanced statistical modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 85 children with ADHD and 85 controls (aged 6-12 years).
  • Assessment of ADHD symptoms via Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R: S).
  • Evaluation of dietary fatty acid intake (24-hour recalls), plasma fatty acids (GC-MS), FADS2 protein (ELISA), and FADS2 mRNA (real-time PCR).
  • Application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Children with ADHD displayed higher relative dietary intake of omega-6 fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
  • Elevated plasma levels of linoleic acid (LA) and an increased omega-6/omega-3 ratio were observed in the ADHD group.
  • Lower plasma levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and docosanoic acid were found in children with ADHD.
  • While plasma FADS2 protein was numerically higher, FADS2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the ADHD group.
  • SEM revealed an association between greater ADHD symptom severity and a fatty acid profile characterized by higher LA, elevated omega-6/omega-3 ratio, and lower nervonic acid.

Conclusions:

  • Significant differences exist in dietary, plasma, and FADS2-related fatty acid profiles between children with and without ADHD.
  • The findings highlight an imbalance in omega-6 fatty acid metabolism and its relationship with ADHD.
  • ADHD symptom severity is linked to a complex interplay of various fatty acids, underscoring the potential role of fatty acid metabolism in the disorder.